The progress of science

Science and technological progress in modern society.

Natural science is the main characteristic feature, distinguishing the present civilization from other civilizations in the past. From its early beginning in the sixteenth century the development of science have influenced the course of western civilization more and more until today it plays a most dominant role. It is not much of exaggeration to say that we live in a world that materially and intellectually has been created by science. The point is easy to illustrate on the material level. One merely needs to mention the telephone, the radio, the television, the automobile, and the airplane, or any of the countless devices invented by application of science. There is hardly an article used in the homes, in the places of work, or in the places of enjoyment that has not be modified by technology based on science. The means of communication that bind the continents into a single community depend on a scientific know-how, without modern sanitation it would be impossible to have large centers of population; without modern industry and agriculture, it will be impossible to feed, to clothe and provide the "abundant life" to this large population.

There is, however, another part of story less obvious and less well known, but far more important. It is a story of expanding intellectual horizons - the impact of science on the mind of man. Fundamentally, science is an intellectual enterprise, an attempt to understand the world in particularly way. All the development are but the result, the outcomes of intellectual activity. Over the past 150 years the range of human knowledge has been doubled every 12 or 15 years. In 1930 man knew 4 times as much as he did in 1900; by 1960 his knowledge had grown sixteen-fold, and by the year 2000 it can be expected to be a hundred times what it had been a century previously.

The second part of the twentieth century has brought a number of technological innovations which are stilt very young but which are taken so much for granted that it is as if they have always existed. In the 50-ies of the running century hardly anyone would probably had believed that we should be able to sit at home and watch astronauts walking in space or that people could be kept alive by heart of a dead man.

The transistor was invented until 1948. This piece of electronic equipment found wide use in space technology, computers, transistor radios, medical instruments, television sets - in fact, wherever precise control and modulation of electrical signals was required, however, the invention of ICs (integrated circuits) in 1958 brought in a new era of change in the field so fundamental, that it already has the characteristics of a second industrial revolution.

A mere 12 years separated the launching of the satellite Sputnik-1 in 1957 and man's first landing on the Moon in 1969. The first long-term orbital station Salyut launched in 1971 opened a new era in space research, providing the possibility of conducting investigation in the field of astrophysics, space technology, medicine, biology, etc. under conditions inconceivable on the earth. Another period of 10 years and in 1981 we could witness the launching of a typically new cosmic vehicle - the Shuttle. It is not difficult to continue with other examples but the point is clear. Events such as these are characteristic of the rate of technological development in the second half of 20^th century. They suggest that the technological innovations we are to
experience during the next 20 years to come may well surpass our wilder fantasies and today's tomorrow may well become tomorrow's the day before yesterday. Science occupies the central position in modern society. It dominates man's whole existence. Research and innovation in technology should improve society's living and working conditions and remedy the negative effects of technological and social changes. Recent developments of nuclear weapons, satellites, space platforms and intercontinental ballistic missiles have attracted and rightly so, public attention throughout the world. They make wars of annihilation possible and forcibly thrust upon the necessity of coming to an understanding with the other nations. It is not merely a matter of peace, but, rather, poses the question of the very survival of the human race.

 

Pure science	considered only for its own nature as a skill of existence of the mind
Applied science	put to a practical use
Practical science	related to actual experience
Natural science	related to biology
Physical science	which relates to the nature of matter, force, structure
Social science	related to people’s lives and natures
Medical science	relating to medicine
Life sciences	all the sciences which relate to living things
Biology
Zoology
Anatomy
Physiology
Physical sciences	physics, mechanics, chemistry, pharmacology, geology, meteorology
Social sciences	sociology – scientific study of societies
Anthropology	scientific study of nature of man
Psychology	scientific study of mind and the ways it works
Psychiatry	the study of treatment of diseases of mind
Criminology	scientific study of crime and criminals
Penology	the scientific study of punishment and prison

 

PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT

 

Since ancient times Nature has served Man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment. But with the development of civilization man's interference with nature began to increase. Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world today. They pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we live in. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut and burn in fire. As a result some race species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up.

Environmental protection is a universal concern. That is why serious measures to create a system of ecological security should be taken. Some progress has been already made in this direction. As many as 159 countries -members of the UNO - have set up environmental protection agencies.

Numerous conferences have been held by these agencies to discuss questions of ecologically poor regions including the Aral Sea, the South Urals, Kuzbass, Donbass, Semipaiatinsk and Chernobyl. An international environmental research center has been set up on Lake Baikal. The international organization Greenpeace is also doing much to preserve the environment.

The Earth is our home. We must take care of it for ourselves and next generations.

"Environmental Science is about much more than science. Environmental science is also about ethics and values, sociology and politics, law and business, motivation and responsibility. Most of all, environmental science is about life and how to sustain it on Planet Earth" (by B.J. Nebel & R.T. Wright)

Almost everywhere we turn we see controversy regarding environmental issues. In all the disputes over them the opposing ideas represent two world views. A world view may be defined as a set of assumptions that a person holds regarding the nature of the world and how it works. The two world views in opposition are here cornucopianism and environmentalism.

Cornucopianism is the dominant world view that has been held by Western civilization through most of history. It embodies the assumption that all parts of environment (air, water, oil, minerals, and animal species) are natural resources to be exploited for the advantage of humans. This view assumes that these resources are essentially infinite. If one is exhausted, another will be found to replace it. Consequently, the history of development of Western civilization is almost synonymous with the stripping of forests, slaughter of wild animals, runnig of minerals, and discarding of wastes with little thought of pollution or regard for the long-term impact on the earth or future generations. In the last three decades or so, however, the second world view has been gradually gaining ground.

Environmentalism embodies the assumption that what we are generally view as natural resources are products of the natural environment. It follows, then, that resources will be limited by the regeneration capacities of the natural environment. Furthermore even the limited resources will be provided insofar as the natural environment is protected and maintained. Thus, our survival literally depends on suitable protection and stewardship of the natural environment
(Actually environmentalism is not a new word view. Native Americans and a number of other cultures hold a similar world view, but these cultures have long been dominated if not exterminated by Western European culture).

 

Are We Killing the Planet?

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the 19^th century the planet has been under
constant siege. Does Mother Nature have a breaking point?

 

Robert Bridge, The Moscow News

Mankind is presently confronted with a very uncomfortable quandary: sacrifice its material comfort, or face the apocalyptic wrath of a dying planet. In other words, according to an increasing number of scientists, the very technology that we value so highly is also the leading cause of environmental breakdown. Indeed, our mass-breeding gadgets only seem useful at calculating the ongoing rate of ecological destruction as opposed to actually halting it.

Sophisticated computer programs, for example, are very good at simulating future weather patterns, increases in temperature rates and the steady erosion of habitats. But merely rattling off a slew of depressing statistics is having no effect. Actually, this numbers game seems to be making people strangely conditioned to the reality of a dying planet in much the same way that people get conditioned to violence through Hollywood films. What we desperately need to hear is that real progress is being made against environmental destruction, as opposed to incessant gloom and doom forecasts. After all, when was the last time technology was used in a manner that did not lead to a negative impact on the planet?

The scientific community continues to publish frightening "The Day After Tomorrow" scripts as if they are merely detached voyeurs without ever actively pursuing change. Meanwhile, the politicians and corporations are powerless to change the present course since high economic indicators go hand-in-hand with political and business success. The greatest rating mechanism for any global leader today is his nation's stock market index. To borrow a quote from the U.S. presidential campaign of elections past: It's the economy, stupid!
This was the very same rationale that prompted U.S. President George W. Bush to shoot down the Kyoto Protocol on Global Warming: the economy would suffer.

Yes, but ultimately it is a healthy environment that must support every aspect of the economy (stupid!). If all of our so-called technological progress and prowess only leads to intolerable environmental conditions, then it is safe to say that we are actually heading in a reverse direction, toward a very primitive 'future' where life will become a desperate and lawless struggle.

The symptoms of ecological decline are ubiquitous: smog, dead rivers, desertification, disease and bizarre weather patterns, to name just a few. However, no nation is willing to take the first critical step to reversing the malaise since modern social relations are guided to a high degree by economics, not to mention simple egoism. Moreover, no nation today can support a massive army, navy and air force, not to mention nuclear weapons, without an aggressive economic policy. Thus, Russia, for example, will never agree to scale back its economy without the participation of the United States. In this sense, economics simply boils down to a matter of national security. Today, hundreds of millions of people (consumers) across the planet aspire to a high personal degree of wealth and comfort, and it is part of the liberal democratic heritage that nobody be denied that right. However, while it is relatively easy to build shopping malls and factories across the planet, it becomes a bit more challenging to say how the planet will
absorb the chaos.

In his book, One World, Ready or Not (1997), William Greider wrote about the clash between consumerism and ecological breakdown.

"The Keynesian solution of stimulating global demand and growth is quite threatening: the dangerous collision it engenders between mass consumption and the natural environment. In crude terms, if everyone owns a car and a refrigerator, if every nation becomes rich enough to throw off vast quantities of industrial waste, can the earth stand it? The answer is already visible: if the industrial system proceeds further along its conventional path of expansion, the eco
logical consequences will someday overwhelm everyone, rich and pool alike..."

Naturally, this is a subject that not many people want to think about Governments are proving no less enthusiastic. However, ignoring the issue will not make it go away.

This was proved last week when a massive category 5 cyclone hit the northeastern coast of Australia with wind speeds up to 290 kilometer: per hour (180 mph), destroying thousands of homes. The tragic irony of this environmental catastrophe is that the "conservative" governments of Australia and the United States are the only industrialized nations not to ratify the Kyoto Protocol.

This is national arrogance in the highest degree, especially when we consider that both nations, due to their vulnerable geographical locations, are sitting ducks for the perfect storm. Perhaps man believes that destroyed planet will allow him to then play God and "save the planet?"

He had better hurry. Last year, the U.S. experienced a record 27 hurricanes, including Katrina, which killed 1,289 people and left many thousand; homeless.

Meanwhile, large swaths of Australia are experiencing severe droughts, while 2005 went down at hottest year ever for the land down under.

What will it take for our leaders to listen to the scientists?

MN

Media in the world

 

Mass media is a comprehensive term embracing television, radio, motion pictures,
and large-circulation newspapers and magazines. It refers to much more than the
journalistic aspects of the instruments of popular communication. The mass media often
function as the locus of social control and the source of popular culture. They help create
historical events, teach values, and by virtue of the huge commercial enterprises they
represent, affect the viability of free societies.

There are five major fields of journalism: newspapers, news services, periodicals,
radio and television. Radio and television perform information only briefly, but quickly.
Newspapers include full reports on different topics. News agencies provide them with the
latest information.

 

NEWS AGENCIES. News agencies are local, national, international, or technical organizations that gather and distribute news, selling their services to newspapers, periodicals, and broadcasters; reports are also available as part of some on-line computer services. The major news organizations in the U. S. are: the Associated Press (AP), founded in 1892 as the Associated Press of Illinois, which adopted its present name in 1900; the United Press Association, called the United Press (UP), founded in 1892, which became an affiliate of the Scripps-Howard newspaper chain; and the International News Service (INS), founded by W. R. Hearst in 1906; in 1958 INS was merged with UP, forming United Press International (UPI). Two major European news agencies are the Reuter Telegram Company of London, founded in 1851 and known simply as Reuters; and Agence France-Presse, founded in 1835 as Agence Havas of Paris. Some countries have government-owned and -controlled agencies. News agencies transmit copy through the use of the telegraph, telephone wires, underwater cables, and communications satellites. Many offer their clients photographs, news analyses, and special features.

 

NEWSPAPERS. Newspaper is a publication issued periodically, usually daily or
weekly, to present information about current events. The Roman Acta diurna (c. 59 В. С.),
posted daily in public places, was the first recorded newspaper. The invention and spread of
printing in the 15th cent, was the major factor in the early development of the newspaper.
The first daily paper in England was the Daily Courant (1702). English newspapers began
to reach the masses in the 19th cent. Important English newspapers of today are The Times
of London (founded in 1785) and the Manchester Guardian. One of the oldest continental
newspapers, Avisa Relation oder Zeitung, appeared in Germany in 1609; the Nieuwe
Tijdingen was published in Antwerp in 1616/ and the first French newspaper, the Gazette,
was founded in 1631. Important newspapers of the world today include Frankfurter
Allgemeine Zeitung (Germany), Figaro (France), Osservatore romano (Vatican), Asahi
Shimbun (Japan), and the Times of India (Delhi). The first newspaper to appear in the
American colonies was a newssheet, Publick Occurrences, which was issued in Boston in
1690. During the 19th cent, many famous U. S. newspapers appeared: the New York
Evening Post (1801); the New York Sun, founded (1833) by В. Н. Day; the New York
Herald (1835); and the New York Times (1851. Other important American newspapers are
the Washington Post; Los Angeles Times; Christian Science Monitor (Boston); Atlanta

Constitution; Chicago Tribune; USA Today, a national paper; and Wall Street Journal (N.
Y. C.), which in 1980 became the best-selling daily newspaper in the U. S. In the 20th cent,
great newspaper empires were built in England and in the U. S. By 1980 the Australian
magnate Rupert Murdoch was publishing newspapers in Australia, Britain, and the U. S.
Since the invention of the telegraph, which facilitated the rapid gathering of news, the great
news agencies have sold their services to many newspapers. Improvements in typesetting
and printing (especially the web press) have made possible the publication of huge editions
at great speed. During the 1970s such technological developments as photocomposition and
the use of communications satellites to deliver news and photographs revolutionized the
newspaper industry. The advent of computer technology has allowed many newspapers to
offer information through commercial on-line computer services, but they are able to spare
more attention and space to each problem. The newspaper articles give much more
information about events. That is the main advantage of newspapers.

Newspapers cover more stories than any other news media does. They also cover
stories in great detail. However, the newspapers present information later then radio or TV.
The great advantage of newspapers over radio and TV is that they can report stories in
depth. Readers can skip items that doesn't interest them. Newspapers also can print certain
material that appeals to only a small percentage of readers.

 

PERIODICALS. Periodicals are publications issued regularly, distinguished from
the newspaper in format, in that its pages are smaller and usually bound, and in that it is
published weekly, monthly, or quarterly, rather than daily. Periodicals range from technical
and scholarly journals to illustrated magazines for mass circulation. The French Journal
des scavans (1665-1791) is considered the first periodical, whereas the English monthly
Gentleman's Magazine (1731-1868) was the first to use the word magazine in the sense of a
periodical for entertainment. Famous American periodicals include Godey's Lady's Book
(1830-98), edited by Sarah J. Hale and famous for its colored fashion prints; the Atlantic
Monthly (1857) and Harper's Magazine (1850), both noted for serious essays and fiction;
the extremely popular Saturday Evening Post (1821-1971) and Ladies' Home Journal (1883); McClure's Magazine (1893-1928), which published many articles by the Muckrakers;
and The New Yorker (1925) known for its urbane humor and high literary standards.
Specialized magazines include the news magazines Time (1923) and Newsweek (1933); the
National Geographic Magazine (1888), devoted to natural history and anthropology;
Ebony (1946-), a picture weekly directed toward African Americans; Playboy (1953-) and
other periodicals devoted to sex and sexuality; Ms. (1972), a forum for the women's liberation movement; and the zany, satirical National Lampoon (1970). Computer advances have made possible the delivery of magazine articles through on-line services and have begun to spawn entirely electronic periodicals, such as The Online Journal of Current Critical Trials (1992), a professional medical journal.

 

RADIO. The first regularly scheduled radio broadcasts in the U. S. began in 1920. The sale of advertising began in 1922, establishing commercial broadcasting as an industry. A coast-to-coast hookup began early in 1924, and expansion of both audience and transmission facilities continued rapidly. Radio is generally the first of news media to report a local story or a news service bulletin. A radio announcer can interrupt a programme with a news flash as soon as the report comes in. Most stations present regular news bulletins every half-hour or hour. The national radio broadcast major news events. However, most radio news bulletins do not report the news in detail. In a five minute broadcast the stories average less then 30 seconds each. Radio also provide weather forecasts and traffic information.

 

TELEVISION. Experiments in broadcasting television began in the 1920s but were interrupted by World War II. By 1992 the U. S. had 1,505 television stations, and cable television systems in the U. S. served over 56 million households. Television signals are also now transmitted from satellites direct to household satellite dishes.

Television is the main source of news for many households around the world. TV does what none of the other media can: it brings the sight and sounds of some important news events by means of filmed, taped or live reports. Like regular radio news bulletins, daily TV news programmes provide only brief accounts of relatively new stories. But the visual aspect of TV news story can often help viewers understand the story. In addition to daily news reports, television covers special news events. Coverage of such an event may replace many hours of regular TV shows. Television also broadcasts in-depth programmes that help explain a story or subject. Such programmes, which run from half an hour to three hours, include docummentaries and interview programmes. Most docummentaries are filmed or taped. They may perform such subjects as crime, foreign policy, or race relations. Interview programmes, which are usually broadcast live, may consist of a panel of journalists who ask questions of a major figure in the news.

The importance of mass media and journalism has greatly increased in recent years. In democratic countries, people depend on the news media for the fair and truthful reporting of current events. Freedom of the press encourages the exchange of ideas among citizens. In governmet-controlled countries, however, the news media serve as an instrument of the state. The struggle against censorship began in England in the 16^th -17^th cent. In the American colonies it began in 1734. Only 20 per cent of the world's people live in countries that have a free press. But in government-controlled countries journalists can still broadcast or write only what national leaders allow. Media forms public opinion now. A lot of politicians strive to possess mass media. Media carries great possibilities for society, but they are not only good ones. Nobody should forget, that media- is the fourth power.

 

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of language 2-nd ed. ByD.Crystal, 1988, p.360

 

...English has already become a world language, by virtue of the political and economic progress made by English-speaking nations in the past 200 years, and is likely to remain so, gradually, consolidating its position. According to conservative estimates, mother-tongue speakers now have reached around 400 million; a further 350 mln use English as a second language; and a further 100 million use it fluently as a foreign language. This is an increase of over 40 % since the 1950. More radical estimates which include speakers with a lower of language fluency and awareness, have suggested that the overall total is these days well in excess of ± 1000 million...

Surveys of range of use carried out by UNESCO and other world organizations reinforce the general statistical impression. English is used as an official or semi-official language in over 60 countries, and has a prominent place in further 20. It is either dominant or well-established in all six continents. It is the main language of books, newspaper, airports and air-traffic control, international business and academic conferences, science, technology, medicine, diplomacy, sports international competitions, pop music and advertising.

Over two-thirds of the word's scientists write in English. Three-quarters of the world's mail is written in English. Of all the information in the world's electronic retrieval systems, 80 % is stored in English. People communicate on the Internet largely in English. English radio programmes are received by over 150 mln in 120 countries. Over 50 mln children study English as an additional at primary level (these figures include China). In any one year, The British Council helps over a quarter of a million foreign students to learn English, in various parts of the world. Half as many again learn English in the USA.

According to Philip Harding, Director English networks news 250 mln people are currently learning English in China

English around the World

"Do you speak English?" - this question is often heard when people from different countries
gather. Although there are about three thousand languages in the world, English is the most universal. It is the official language in over forty countries and the most used language in international business. science and medicine. Some people believe that English is the international language. English is everywhere. It is in signs, clothing, soft drinks and household products around the world. The names of pop groups, computer software (компьютерное обеспечение) and magazines are often present in English.

English is our reality, and we live in it.

That's why it is important for me to learn English. I want to know what is going on around me and in the world. It is important for me to read English newspapers and magazines and English and American books in the original.

In fact, learning English is the answer to a lot of things that I need and want.

I think English is influencing our culture.

The problem of learning languages is very important today. Foreign languages are socially
demanded especially at the present time when the progress in the science and technology has led to an explosion of knowledge and has contributed to an overflow of information. The total knowledge of mankind is known to double every seven years. Foreign languages are needed as the main and the most efficient means of information exchange of the people of our planet.

Russia is integrating into the world community and the problem of learning English for the
purpose of communication is especially urgent today.

So far there is no universal or ideal method of learning languages. Everybody has his own way. Sometimes it is boring to study grammar or to learn new words. But it is well known that reading books in the original, listening to the BBC news, communicating with the English speaking people will help a lot. When learning a foreign language you learn the culture and history of the native speakers. One must work hard to learn any foreign language.

 

BRYANSK STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER ACADEMICIAN PETROVSKY

(Russian Federation Ministry of Education)

The year 1930 was full of discrepancies and historic events that entailed contradictory judgments of philosophers and historians of the present. Our country was in paramount and pressing need of specialists with excellent academic qualifications to meet the standards of the dynamically developing industry. Higher and secondary education was prioritized and that had a pivotal role in the development of scientific and cultural potential of this country.

Plenty of colleges and institutions were established at that time including a Teachers' Training College in the regional center Novozybkov. Till 1938, it had worked as the Novozybkov State Teachers' Training Institute and trained competent teachers of various subjects. Many of them became superb professionals: honored teachers and advanced scientists of international importance.

In 1976 the institution moved to the city of Bryansk, which extended the range of possibilities and offered more promising and stimulating prospects of its further development. The process of transition to a modern building facing a picturesque park was not an easy one; it took the stuff of the university plenty of time and massive efforts to transfer library funds and other essential necessities to the new premises.

But these people didn't spare their efforts in vain and at present the University has 8 faculties: the Russian Language and Literature, Primary Education, Foreign Languages, Physical Culture, Physics and Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Geography and History, which enroll 6100 students (3600 full-time and 2500 extra-mural students). Its well-qualified, and reliable staff is composed of inspiring teachers and lecturers, Professors, Doctors of Sciences Associate Professors and Candidates of Sciences.

There are diligent and promising students, who are trained in 16 specialties at different faculties. The faculty of Foreign Languages, for example, teaches students of English and German, German and English and French and English departments. This faculty has it own lengthy, complicated and glorious history full of scientific achievements of its lecturers and post-graduates.

The technical facilities and equipment provided by the University for educational and scientific research activities are avant-grade and very often unique. Its laboratories are equipped with computers; audio and video aids that help students to better understand curricula material and carry out their own experiments. The University has a very rich library with abundant book stock at its disposal where all scholars can borrow necessary and informative books in all subjects.

The University research programme corresponds to the specialists' training orientation. The University offers postgraduate courses, 27 postgraduates pursue their study at the present time. There are 2 Specialized Academic Councils for awarding Candidate's degrees. The University carries out research on the problems of liquidating the consequences of the Chernobyl atomic station accident.

Since 1990, the University has been the centre for scientific and teaching methods' research on the problems of vocational and economic education of pupils and future teachers of vocational technical training.

The primary and central purpose of the university is the search for knowledge and fundamental understanding in all intellectual disciplines and the transmission of that knowledge and understanding.

It has also been a function of this university to give to young people from a relatively narrow age group an education designed to develop their capacities, more particularly their intellectual capacities, that is, the ability to judge evidence critically, to develop independence of mind, the ability to communicate, curiosity, reasoning power and fanatical accuracy.

Bryansk

Bryansk is one of the largest industrial towns of the Russian Federation, the administrative centre of the Bryansk region. The town is situated 379 km south – west of Moscow, it has a population about half a million and a total area of 226 square kilometers.

Bryansk is an ancient town with a long history. Round about 985 there appeared first dwellings in the surroundings of the Bowl Mound. That settlement was later burnt to ashes by Tatars and reappeared on the Pokrovskaya Hill. Built on the steep bank of the Desna river. Bryansk served as a barrier on the path of Tatar–Mongolian hordes, of Polish, Swedish, French, German and other invaders.

There are many glorious pages in the annals of Bryansk history. Alexander Peresvet, a citizen of Bryansk became a hero of the historical Battle of Kulikovo in 1380. Peter the First founded a shipyard in Bryansk for building small boats and four canon brigantines. During the Patriotic War of 1812 one of every four cannons in the Russian Army bore the stamp of the Bryansk Arsenal, which was commissioned in 1783. That is why the Emblem of Bryansk is decorated with a gun and cannon-balls, A total of 27 partisan brigades took part in
the struggle of the Soviet people against the fascist Germany in World War II.
Bryansk is often called the town of partisan glory. On September 17, 1966 there was unveiled a monument to soldiers and partisans in the centre of Bryansk. In 1987 in the suburbs of the town on the Bryansk-Oryol highway there was erected the monument to the army drivers (the only monument in the country) who died in World War II.

Now Bryansk is divided into 4 districts: Sovietsky, Bezhitsky, Fokinsky and Volodarsky, each of them having the administration of its own. The Sovietskiy district is a seat of the regional Duma, regional administration with many departments and offices to run all the branches of industry, agriculture, commerce, education, medicine & culture.

·        There are 4 higher education establishments in Bryansk:

·        The State University named after academican I. G. Petrovsky;

·        The State Technical University;

·        The State Academy of Technical Engineering

·        The State Agricultural Academy.

Besides there are many colleges & secondary schools of different kinds, seven music & art schools. Bryansk has a large regional library, a drama theatre, a puppet theatre, a youth theatre, a modern circus, a planetarium, a lot of squares & parks. The central park named after A. Tolstoy, which is famous for its unique collection of wooden sculptures, is in the Sovietsky district.

The largest industrial plants of the town are concentrated in the Bezhitsky district: the Bryansk Engineering Works, Steel, Automobile, Silicate Plants, a worsted mill Powerful diesels for ocean liners, shunting diesel locomotives, refrigerators, automobiles, items of footwear, clothing, etc. are produced there.

Bryansk is one of the largest transportation centers of the Russian Federation. The passenger service of the Central railway station Bryansk-One (Volodarsky District) is wide. The passenger & goods trains go to seven directions. A new International Airport has been built to meet all demands and needs of our region.